What is the name for a single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem?

The term that describes a single essential nutrient that limits productivity in an ecosystem is known as a limiting nutrient. In ecological terms, a limiting nutrient is one whose scarcity restricts the growth and reproduction of organisms within that ecosystem. When a key nutrient is in low supply, it can create a bottleneck effect, meaning that no matter how favorable other conditions may be, productivity cannot increase without sufficient levels of that particular nutrient.

Understanding this concept is critical for comprehending how ecosystems function because nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorus can have a profound impact on biomass production, species diversity, and the overall health of an ecosystem. The concept underscores the interconnectedness of nutrient cycles and the importance of maintaining balanced nutrient levels to support ecological productivity.